Stockholm syndrome why is it called that?

By HotBotUpdated: August 9, 2024

Answer

Introduction to Stockholm Syndrome

Stockholm Syndrome is a psychological phenomenon wherein hostages develop an emotional bond with their captors during captivity. This unexpected emotional alignment can manifest as positive feelings towards the captors, and sometimes even sympathy or defense of their actions. The syndrome can perplex onlookers and even the victims themselves, making it a compelling subject of study in psychology and criminal behavior.

Origin of the Term "Stockholm Syndrome"

The term "Stockholm Syndrome" originates from a bank robbery that took place in Stockholm, Sweden, in 1973. This incident is officially known as the Norrmalmstorg robbery. During the robbery, two ex-convicts, Jan-Erik Olsson and Clark Olofsson, held four employees of Sveriges Kreditbank hostage for six days. Despite the peril they faced, the hostages began to develop an emotional bond with their captors, a reaction that baffled both the public and psychologists alike.

The Norrmalmstorg Robbery

Jan-Erik Olsson entered the bank on August 23, 1973, armed with a submachine gun. He took four employees—three women and one man—hostage and demanded the release of his friend, Clark Olofsson, along with a ransom of 3 million Swedish kronor, two guns, bulletproof vests, and a getaway vehicle. The Swedish police complied with some of his demands, releasing Clark Olofsson and bringing him to the bank.

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During the six days of captivity, the hostages were held in a vault. Despite the high tension, a curious dynamic developed. The hostages began to perceive the police as the real threat to their safety, while viewing their captors as their protectors. This emotional shift was so profound that after their release, some hostages refused to testify against their captors in court and even raised money for their defense.

Psychological Mechanisms Underlying Stockholm Syndrome

Several psychological mechanisms can explain why hostages might develop positive feelings towards their captors.

Survival Instinct

The primary mechanism is the survival instinct. In a life-threatening situation, the human brain goes into survival mode, and hostages may unconsciously try to bond with their captors to reduce the threat to their lives. This emotional bonding can be a defense mechanism that makes the captors less likely to harm them.

Dependency and Gratitude

Hostages are entirely dependent on their captors for their basic needs, such as food, water, and shelter. When captors provide these essentials, hostages may begin to feel gratitude. This gratitude can evolve into a complex emotional bond, especially when captors show moments of kindness amidst the terror.

Isolation from Outside Perspectives

In many hostage situations, hostages are isolated from outside perspectives. Without external validation, their world becomes confined to the immediate environment and the people within it. This isolation can make the captors seem like the only source of human interaction and understanding, further strengthening the emotional bond.

Notable Cases and Examples

Patty Hearst

One of the most famous cases of Stockholm Syndrome is that of Patty Hearst. In 1974, Hearst, the granddaughter of American publishing magnate William Randolph Hearst, was kidnapped by the Symbionese Liberation Army (SLA). Within a few months, Hearst appeared to have joined her captors, participating in a bank robbery. Her defense argued that she had developed Stockholm Syndrome, though she was ultimately convicted and sentenced to prison. She was later pardoned by President Bill Clinton.

Jaycee Dugard

Jaycee Dugard was kidnapped at the age of 11 and held captive for 18 years by Phillip and Nancy Garrido. During her captivity, she developed a complex relationship with her captors, particularly Phillip, whom she referred to as "dad" in journal entries. Her case illustrates how prolonged captivity can lead to emotional bonds that complicate the victim-captor dynamic.

Criticisms and Controversies

While Stockholm Syndrome is widely recognized, it is not without its criticisms and controversies. Some psychologists argue that the term is overused and can be applied too broadly to situations that do not meet the clinical criteria for the syndrome. Others suggest that the phenomenon is under-researched and lacks empirical evidence, making it difficult to validate as a psychological condition.

Moreover, some critics argue that labeling a victim's behavior as Stockholm Syndrome can be a way to undermine their autonomy and agency. For instance, in cases of domestic abuse, the term can be used to question the victim's choices rather than understanding the complex power dynamics at play.

Stockholm Syndrome in Popular Culture

Stockholm Syndrome has permeated popular culture, appearing in movies, TV shows, and literature. Films like "Dog Day Afternoon," which is loosely based on a real-life bank robbery, and TV series like "La Casa de Papel" (Money Heist), dramatize the emotional complexities between captors and hostages. These portrayals often highlight the psychological tension and moral ambiguities inherent in such situations, capturing the public's fascination with this perplexing phenomenon.

The term "Stockholm Syndrome" encapsulates a fascinating and often misunderstood psychological phenomenon born out of a specific historical event. It serves as a lens through which we can explore the complexities of human psychology, survival instincts, and emotional resilience. Whether viewed as a legitimate psychological condition or a controversial label, Stockholm Syndrome continues to provoke debate and intrigue, offering a window into the human capacity for adaptation in the face of extreme adversity.